GENETIC ENGINEERING DEFINITION & OVERVIEW |
 Genetic engineering: "Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. Genetic engineering is different from traditional breeding, where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly. Genetic engineering uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure and characteristics of genes directly. Genetic engineering techniques have found some successes in numerous applications. Some examples are in improving crop technology, the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in hamster ovary cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the oncomouse (cancer mouse) for research.
Molecular biologists have discovered many enzymes which change the structure of DNA in living organisms. Some of these enzymes can cut and join strands of DNA. Using such enzymes, scientists learned to cut specific genes from DNA and to build customized DNA using these genes. They also learned about vectors, strands of DNA such as viruses, which can infect a cell and insert themselves into its DNA.
The first genetically engineered medicine was synthetic human insulin, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1982. Another early application of genetic engineering was to create human growth hormone as replacement for a compound that was previously extracted from human cadavers. In 1987 the FDA approved the first genetically engineered vaccine for humans, for hepatitis B. Since these early uses of the technology in medicine, the use of GM has gradually expanded to supply a number of other drugs and vaccines.
One of the best-known applications of genetic engineering is the creation of GMOs for food use (genetically modified foods); such foods resist insect pests, bacterial or fungal infection, resist herbicides to improve yield, have longer freshness than otherwise, or have superior nutritional value. In materials science, a genetically modified virus has been used to construct a more environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery." Reference
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| GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNICAL MANUAL TRANSLATION |
 Manuals, almost by definition, are technical in nature as they
invariably supply instructions and technical specifications that apply to a particular subject, field, business or profession.
Technical manuals are usually intended for distribution to foreign markets. Foreign countries imply changes to technical specifications (electrical standards,
building codes, to name a few) not to mention the applicability of legal disclaimers, safety requirements, local usage customs, etc.
We can assist you with the localization of technical manuals and accompanying specifications. |
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| RÉSUMÉ TRANSLATION SERVICES |
 When you apply for work put your best foot forward and make a lasting
impression with a résumé that has been translated by an expert who is fluent in your native language and is familiar with the technical language of the field you work in.
Don't settle for anything but the best and allow us to present you in the best possible light. |
| TECHNICAL PROOFREADING SERVICE |
 Our proofreading service consists of reviewing any text for errors – hard copy (written documentation) or electronic (e.g. websites, MSWord files, PowerPoint files).The types of errors we look for include: missing words; typos; spelling mistakes; formatting errors; missing or bad punctuation; etc.
The proofreading service is combined with light copy-editing: checking for grammar; improper language usage; run-on sentences; consistency issues; etc. Our objective is to improve the formatting, style and accuracy of your written material without changing the content. |
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